MUMBAI: The Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal (IISER Bhopal) researchers have developed a clear synthetic biomedical adhesive that can effectively seal and repair injured and dissected tissues. This adhesive, which is biodegradable and biocompatible, is capable of binding different surfaces such as tissues, bones, eggshells, and wood in both air and underwater and requires no additional crosslinking agents or metal ions.
Such biodegradable and biocompatible adhesives find applications in medicine, dentistry, drug delivery, and tissue engineering. These adhesives are also used in orthopedic procedures to enhance bone repair and can even be used as an alternative to sutures, staples, and wires, in wound closures. They could also be used in eco-friendly packaging applications and products, contributing to sustainable practices in various industries.
These adhesives have the potential to seal and cure tissue damage in both dry and wet conditions, requiring no additional crosslinking agents or metal ions, and form an optically clear sticky film.
Elaborating on this research, professor Aasheesh Srivastava, faculty, department of chemistry, IISER Bhopal, said, “Biomedical adhesives are bonding and sealing materials that provide support and cohesion to repair tissues and are extensively used in medicine. Suitable materials for these adhesives can be found in nature and are commonly secreted by underwater organisms such as sandcastle worms and mussels.”
Biomimetic adhesives have been developed and applied as adhesives in the past. However, those adhesive materials came with their shortcomings. For example, biomimetic adhesives that have been made from natural polymers such as fibrin, collagen, gelatin, and chitosan, have a risk of triggering immunological reactions, and may not always be useful in cosmetics and surface tissue adhesion applications.
Furthermore, these adhesives are not transparent and can have different colours, which may affect the aesthetic value. There is thus, a need to develop biocompatible, transparent adhesive systems that are also cost-effective.
Elaborating on the background of the materials they have developed, professor Aasheesh Srivastava said, “We used a mixture of oppositely-charged water-soluble polyelectrolytes that are known for their biodegradability and biocompatibility. These polymers have multiple amide groups and thiol residues that lead to strong adhesion due to the formation of hydrogen bonds and disulfide bonds. The resulting adhesive layer is colourless and transparent.”
To test their binding capabilities, three different formulations were developed and applied directly to various pressed substrates to achieve adherence. One of them which the authors called ‘A30’ had excellent adhesive action and could bind a variety of substrates such as mammalian bones, wood, glass, mica, and aluminum.
The researchers also add that adhesive A30 had a porosity of 40% which can help a great deal in tissue regeneration by allowing cell movement through the adhesive layer. This way weight or pressure across the adhered joint is distributed across the tissue surface which can lead to quicker healing.
The researchers used this adhesive (A30) to bind two glass slabs under water. The adhesive was able to glue the glass slabs without dissolving in water. This is similar to the way natural marine animal-secreted adhesives work.
Elaborating further, Dr Tanmay Dutta, Postdoctoral Researcher – IISER Bhopal, said “Our A30 adhesive could even bind bones while fully submerged under water, and after curing the adhered bone pieces could bear large weights while remaining bonded. Our adhesive provides a maximum adhesion strength of about 7 kg/cm2. This makes it a promising glue for bone restoration and fracture repair.”
The adhesive formulations developed by the IISER team will find use in cosmetics and biological applications. The researchers are working towards optimizing these adhesives for such real-life applications.
Such biodegradable and biocompatible adhesives find applications in medicine, dentistry, drug delivery, and tissue engineering. These adhesives are also used in orthopedic procedures to enhance bone repair and can even be used as an alternative to sutures, staples, and wires, in wound closures. They could also be used in eco-friendly packaging applications and products, contributing to sustainable practices in various industries.
These adhesives have the potential to seal and cure tissue damage in both dry and wet conditions, requiring no additional crosslinking agents or metal ions, and form an optically clear sticky film.
Elaborating on this research, professor Aasheesh Srivastava, faculty, department of chemistry, IISER Bhopal, said, “Biomedical adhesives are bonding and sealing materials that provide support and cohesion to repair tissues and are extensively used in medicine. Suitable materials for these adhesives can be found in nature and are commonly secreted by underwater organisms such as sandcastle worms and mussels.”
Biomimetic adhesives have been developed and applied as adhesives in the past. However, those adhesive materials came with their shortcomings. For example, biomimetic adhesives that have been made from natural polymers such as fibrin, collagen, gelatin, and chitosan, have a risk of triggering immunological reactions, and may not always be useful in cosmetics and surface tissue adhesion applications.
Furthermore, these adhesives are not transparent and can have different colours, which may affect the aesthetic value. There is thus, a need to develop biocompatible, transparent adhesive systems that are also cost-effective.
Elaborating on the background of the materials they have developed, professor Aasheesh Srivastava said, “We used a mixture of oppositely-charged water-soluble polyelectrolytes that are known for their biodegradability and biocompatibility. These polymers have multiple amide groups and thiol residues that lead to strong adhesion due to the formation of hydrogen bonds and disulfide bonds. The resulting adhesive layer is colourless and transparent.”
To test their binding capabilities, three different formulations were developed and applied directly to various pressed substrates to achieve adherence. One of them which the authors called ‘A30’ had excellent adhesive action and could bind a variety of substrates such as mammalian bones, wood, glass, mica, and aluminum.
The researchers also add that adhesive A30 had a porosity of 40% which can help a great deal in tissue regeneration by allowing cell movement through the adhesive layer. This way weight or pressure across the adhered joint is distributed across the tissue surface which can lead to quicker healing.
The researchers used this adhesive (A30) to bind two glass slabs under water. The adhesive was able to glue the glass slabs without dissolving in water. This is similar to the way natural marine animal-secreted adhesives work.
Elaborating further, Dr Tanmay Dutta, Postdoctoral Researcher – IISER Bhopal, said “Our A30 adhesive could even bind bones while fully submerged under water, and after curing the adhered bone pieces could bear large weights while remaining bonded. Our adhesive provides a maximum adhesion strength of about 7 kg/cm2. This makes it a promising glue for bone restoration and fracture repair.”
The adhesive formulations developed by the IISER team will find use in cosmetics and biological applications. The researchers are working towards optimizing these adhesives for such real-life applications.